Solar Photovoltaic Power System is a technology that utilizes semiconductor materials to convert sunlight into electrical energy. Based on different operating modes and application scenarios, it can systematically be classified into four major categories:
1. Off-grid (Stand-alone) PV Systems: These systems, also known as independent PV systems, are suitable for areas without or with insufficient electricity supply. They feature the use of solar photovoltaic arrays to generate power during the daytime, storing the produced electricity in batteries for nighttime or other periods without sunlight. The main components include solar PV arrays, off-grid controllers, battery banks, and off-grid inverters.
2. Grid-connected PV Systems: Widely used in developed countries, this type of system allows solar-generated electricity to be connected to the public power grid. It mainly consists of solar PV arrays, grid-tied inverters, and necessary electrical equipment such as combiner boxes and distribution cabinets. During periods of ample sunlight, these systems directly feed the converted solar energy into the grid.
3. PV Hybrid Systems with Complementary Energy Sources: This category involves integrating PV with other energy generation devices like wind power, grid electricity, or diesel generators, forming hybrid systems such as wind-solar complementary systems, PV-grid complementary systems, PV-diesel complementary systems, and wind-solar-diesel hybrid systems. The aim is to enhance power supply stability and reliability through multi-energy complementarity.
4. Solar Application Products: Spanning a broad range from small-scale items like 0.3 to 2-watt solar chargers and solar lamps to large-scale megawatt solar PV power plants, PV systems offer green and sustainable power solutions across various sectors.
Furthermore, based on specific applications, scale, and load characteristics, solar PV systems can be further divided into several types, including Small DC systems, Simple DC systems, Large DC systems, AC/DC systems, Utility Grid Connect systems, and Hybrid systems. Each type operates on unique principles and has its own application contexts to cater to diverse power demands and environmental conditions.
In detail, standalone PV systems rely on battery storage and are ideal for areas not covered by the grid; grid-connected PV systems operate in parallel with the public power grid, feeding excess power back into it; while hybrid PV systems combine multiple energy generation technologies or incorporate backup generators to ensure continuous and stable power supply.
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