The conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cells is closely related to external environmental factors, with one important factor being the intensity of sunlight. Assuming a temperature of 25°C, Figure 2-7 represents the relationship between the current and voltage of the PV cell under different light intensity conditions, while Figure 2-8 represents the relationship between the voltage and power output of the PV cell under different light intensity conditions. From Figure 2-7, it can be observed that the output current of the cell varies significantly with changes in light intensity, with higher light intensity resulting in increased current. However, the variation in output voltage of the PV cell is relatively small [12]. On the other hand, the power output delivered by the PV cell to the external circuit is determined by both the current and voltage, as evident in Figure 2-8, where an increase in light intensity leads to a significant increase in power output.

Figure 2-7 Current-voltage characteristics under different light intensity conditions       Figure 2-8 Voltage-power characteristics under different light intensity conditions

Another factor that affects the power output delivered by the PV cell to the external circuit is temperature. Assuming an incident light intensity of 1000 watts per square meter, Figure 2-9 represents the relationship between the current and voltage output of the PV cell under different temperature conditions, while Figure 2-10 represents the relationship between the voltage and power output of the PV cell under different temperature conditions. From Figure 2-9, it can be observed that the current output of the solar cell remains relatively stable under different temperature conditions, while the voltage output varies significantly. Similarly, Figure 2-10 illustrates that temperature has a noticeable effect on power output.

Figure 2-9 Current-voltage characteristics under different temperature conditions       Figure 2-10 Voltage-power characteristics under different temperature conditions

In conclusion, the output characteristics of solar panels exhibit the following features:

1. The output characteristics of solar panels resemble rectangular shapes. At lower voltages, the current delivered by the PV cell to the external circuit can be considered constant. Similarly, when the delivered voltage approaches the open-circuit voltage, the current can be treated as constant.

2. The intensity of sunlight has a significant effect on the current, with higher light intensities resulting in greater currents. Temperature, on the other hand, primarily affects the voltage output.

3. There is no evident linear relationship between the light intensity and temperature and the power output of the PV panel.

4. The maximum power output varies with different temperature and light intensity conditions [13].

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